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OSPF对比静态路由实验

本实验对比表明 OSPF 的配置更简洁、路由条目更少且自动选择最优路径，静态路由需要大量手工维护并逐台更新。
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实验介绍

辅助对比OSPF协议相较于静态路由的优势。

实验目的

  • 证明在相同拓扑的情况下，实线相同需求，OSPF协议更有优势。

拓扑结构

接口信息

路由器

接口

IP Address/Mask

R1

GE 0/0/0

10.1.12.1/24

GE 0/0/1

10.1.13.1/24

GE 0/0/2

10.1.14.1/24

LoopBack0

1.1.1.1/32

R2

GE 0/0/0

10.1.12.2/24

GE 0/0/1

10.1.23.2/24

GE 0/0/2

10.1.25.2/24

LoopBack0

2.2.2.2/32

R3

GE 0/0/0

10.1.13.3/24

GE 0/0/1

10.1.23.3/24

GE 0/0/2

10.1.34.3/24

GE 4/0/0

10.1.35.3/24

LoopBack0

3.3.3.3/32

R4

GE 0/0/0

10.1.14.4/24

GE 0/0/1

10.1.34.4/24

GE 0/0/2

10.1.45.4/24

LoopBack0

4.4.4.4/32

R5

GE 0/0/0

10.1.25.5/24

GE 0/0/1

10.1.35.5/24

GE 0/0/2

10.1.45.5/24

LoopBack0

5.5.5.5/32

实验步骤

以下是五台路由器（R1-R5）在部分网状拓扑中的详细配置对比，包含静态路由全连接配置和OSPF动态路由配置两种方案：

步骤一：静态路由全连接配置​

​拓扑说明​：所有路由器两两直连（共10条链路），每条链路配置静态路由

​R1配置​

sysname R1
# 接口IP配置
interface LoopBack0
 ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
 ip address 10.1.12.1 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
 ip address 10.1.13.1 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
 ip address 10.1.14.1 255.255.255.0

# 静态路由配置（需手动添加所有非直连路由）
ip route-static 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 10.1.12.2
ip route-static 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 10.1.13.3
ip route-static 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255 10.1.14.4
ip route-static 5.5.5.5 255.255.255.255 10.1.13.3
ip route-static 10.1.23.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.12.2
ip route-static 10.1.25.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.12.2
ip route-static 10.1.34.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.13.3
ip route-static 10.1.35.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.13.3
ip route-static 10.1.45.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.14.4

​R2配置​

sysname R2
# 接口IP配置
interface LoopBack0
 ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
 ip address 10.1.12.2 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
 ip address 10.1.23.2 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
 ip address 10.1.25.2 255.255.255.0

# 静态路由配置
ip route-static 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 10.1.12.1
ip route-static 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 10.1.23.3
ip route-static 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255 10.1.12.1
ip route-static 5.5.5.5 255.255.255.255 10.1.25.5
ip route-static 10.1.13.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.12.1
ip route-static 10.1.14.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.12.1
ip route-static 10.1.34.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.23.3
ip route-static 10.1.35.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.25.5
ip route-static 10.1.45.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.25.5

​R3配置​

sysname R3
# 接口IP配置
interface LoopBack0
 ip address 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
 ip address 10.1.13.3 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
 ip address 10.1.23.3 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
 ip address 10.1.34.3 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet4/0/0
 ip address 10.1.35.3 255.255.255.0

# 静态路由配置
ip route-static 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 10.1.13.1
ip route-static 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 10.1.23.2
ip route-static 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255 10.1.34.4
ip route-static 5.5.5.5 255.255.255.255 10.1.35.5
ip route-static 10.1.12.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.13.1
ip route-static 10.1.14.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.13.1
ip route-static 10.1.25.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.23.2
ip route-static 10.1.45.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.34.4

​R4配置​

sysname R4
# 接口IP配置
interface LoopBack0
 ip address 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
 ip address 10.1.14.4 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
 ip address 10.1.34.4 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
 ip address 10.1.45.4 255.255.255.0

# 静态路由配置
ip route-static 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 10.1.14.1
ip route-static 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 10.1.14.1
ip route-static 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 10.1.34.3
ip route-static 5.5.5.5 255.255.255.255 10.1.45.5
ip route-static 10.1.12.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.14.1
ip route-static 10.1.13.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.14.1
ip route-static 10.1.23.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.34.3
ip route-static 10.1.25.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.45.5
ip route-static 10.1.35.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.34.3

​R5配置​

sysname R5
# 接口IP配置
interface LoopBack0
 ip address 5.5.5.5 255.255.255.255
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
 ip address 10.1.25.5 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
 ip address 10.1.35.5 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
 ip address 10.1.45.5 255.255.255.0

# 静态路由配置
ip route-static 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 10.1.35.3
ip route-static 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 10.1.25.2
ip route-static 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 10.1.35.3
ip route-static 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255 10.1.45.4
ip route-static 10.1.12.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.25.2
ip route-static 10.1.13.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.35.3
ip route-static 10.1.14.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.45.4
ip route-static 10.1.23.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.25.2
ip route-static 10.1.34.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.35.3

测试

[R3]tracert -a 3.3.3.3 2.2.2.2
 traceroute to  2.2.2.2(2.2.2.2), max hops: 30 ,packet length: 40,press CTRL_C to break
 1 10.1.23.2 50 ms  20 ms  30 ms
[R3]tracert -a 3.3.3.3 5.5.5.5
 traceroute to  5.5.5.5(5.5.5.5), max hops: 30 ,packet length: 40,press CTRL_C to break
 1 10.1.35.5 20 ms  20 ms  10 ms
[R3]tracert -a 3.3.3.3 1.1.1.1
 traceroute to  1.1.1.1(1.1.1.1), max hops: 30 ,packet length: 40,press CTRL_C to break
 1 10.1.13.1 70 ms  30 ms  20 ms
[R3]tracert -a 3.3.3.3 4.4.4.4
 traceroute to  4.4.4.4(4.4.4.4), max hops: 30 ,packet length: 40,press CTRL_C to break
 1 10.1.34.4 50 ms  20 ms  20 ms

[R1]tracert -a 1.1.1.1 5.5.5.5
 traceroute to  5.5.5.5(5.5.5.5), max hops: 30 ,packet length: 40,press CTRL_C to break
 1 10.1.13.3 20 ms  10 ms  10 ms
 2 10.1.35.5 20 ms  20 ms  20 ms

步骤二：OSPF动态路由配置​

​拓扑说明​：使用部分网状拓扑（8条链路），启用OSPF Area 0

​R1 OSPF配置​

sysname R1
# 接口IP配置（同静态配置）
interface LoopBack0
 ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
 ip address 10.1.12.1 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
 ip address 10.1.13.1 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
 ip address 10.1.14.1 255.255.255.0

# OSPF配置（仅需声明直连接口）
ospf 1 router-id 1.1.1.1
 area 0.0.0.0
  network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0
  network 10.1.12.0 0.0.0.255
  network 10.1.13.0 0.0.0.255
  network 10.1.14.0 0.0.0.255

​R2 OSPF配置​

sysname R2
# 接口IP配置（同静态配置）
interface LoopBack0
 ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
 ip address 10.1.12.2 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
 ip address 10.1.23.2 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
 ip address 10.1.25.2 255.255.255.0

# OSPF配置
ospf 1 router-id 2.2.2.2
 area 0.0.0.0
  network 2.2.2.2 0.0.0.0
  network 10.1.12.0 0.0.0.255
  network 10.1.23.0 0.0.0.255
  network 10.1.25.0 0.0.0.255

​R3 OSPF配置​

sysname R3
# 接口IP配置（同静态配置）
interface LoopBack0
 ip address 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
 ip address 10.1.13.3 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
 ip address 10.1.23.3 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
 ip address 10.1.34.3 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet4/0/0
 ip address 10.1.35.3 255.255.255.0

# OSPF配置（作为核心节点）
ospf 1 router-id 3.3.3.3
 area 0.0.0.0
  network 3.3.3.3 0.0.0.0
  network 10.1.13.0 0.0.0.255
  network 10.1.23.0 0.0.0.255
  network 10.1.34.0 0.0.0.255
  network 10.1.35.0 0.0.0.255

​R4 OSPF配置​

sysname R4
# 接口IP配置（同静态配置）
interface LoopBack0
 ip address 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
 ip address 10.1.14.4 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
 ip address 10.1.34.4 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
 ip address 10.1.45.4 255.255.255.0

# OSPF配置
ospf 1 router-id 4.4.4.4
 area 0.0.0.0
  network 4.4.4.4 0.0.0.0
  network 10.1.14.0 0.0.0.255
  network 10.1.34.0 0.0.0.255
  network 10.1.45.0 0.0.0.255

​R5 OSPF配置​

sysname R5
# 接口IP配置（同静态配置）
interface LoopBack0
 ip address 5.5.5.5 255.255.255.255
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
 ip address 10.1.25.5 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
 ip address 10.1.35.5 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
 ip address 10.1.45.5 255.255.255.0

# OSPF配置
ospf 1 router-id 5.5.5.5
 area 0.0.0.0
  network 5.5.5.5 0.0.0.0
  network 10.1.25.0 0.0.0.255
  network 10.1.35.0 0.0.0.255
  network 10.1.45.0 0.0.0.255

测试

[R3]display ospf interface all

         OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 3.3.3.3
                 Interfaces

 Area: 0.0.0.0          (MPLS TE not enabled)

 Interface: 3.3.3.3 (LoopBack0)
 Cost: 0       State: P-2-P     Type: P2P       MTU: 1500
 Timers: Hello 10 , Dead 40 , Poll  120 , Retransmit 5 , Transmit Delay 1

 Interface: 10.1.13.3 (GigabitEthernet0/0/0)
 Cost: 1       State: DR        Type: Broadcast    MTU: 1500
 Priority: 1
 Designated Router: 10.1.13.3
 Backup Designated Router: 10.1.13.1
 Timers: Hello 10 , Dead 40 , Poll  120 , Retransmit 5 , Transmit Delay 1

 Interface: 10.1.23.3 (GigabitEthernet0/0/1)
 Cost: 1       State: DR        Type: Broadcast    MTU: 1500
 Priority: 1
 Designated Router: 10.1.23.3
 Backup Designated Router: 10.1.23.2
 Timers: Hello 10 , Dead 40 , Poll  120 , Retransmit 5 , Transmit Delay 1

 Interface: 10.1.34.3 (GigabitEthernet0/0/2)
 Cost: 1       State: BDR       Type: Broadcast    MTU: 1500
 Priority: 1
 Designated Router: 10.1.34.4
 Backup Designated Router: 10.1.34.3
 Timers: Hello 10 , Dead 40 , Poll  120 , Retransmit 5 , Transmit Delay 1

 Interface: 10.1.35.3 (GigabitEthernet4/0/0)
 Cost: 1       State: BDR       Type: Broadcast    MTU: 1500
 Priority: 1
 Designated Router: 10.1.35.5
 Backup Designated Router: 10.1.35.3
 Timers: Hello 10 , Dead 40 , Poll  120 , Retransmit 5 , Transmit Delay 1

[R3]

[R1]tracert -a 1.1.1.1 5.5.5.5
 traceroute to  5.5.5.5(5.5.5.5), max hops: 30 ,packet length: 40,press CTRL_C to break
 1 10.1.12.2 20 ms 10.1.14.4 30 ms 10.1.12.2 20 ms
 2 10.1.45.5 30 ms 10.1.35.5 30 ms 10.1.25.5 10 ms

步骤三： 关键对比结论​

​配置复杂度​

  • 静态路由：每台设备需配置8-10条路由，总计约45条手动配置

  • OSPF：每台设备仅需4-5条network语句，总计约20条配置

​路由表差异​

在相同的情况下，OSPF配置更简洁。

静态路由：

OSPF协议：

模拟断路

OSPF协议能动态学习链路信息。

静态协议：

[R3-GigabitEthernet4/0/0]dis th
[V200R003C00]
#
interface GigabitEthernet4/0/0
 shutdown
 ip address 10.1.35.3 255.255.255.0
#
return

[R1]tracert -a 1.1.1.1 5.5.5.5
 traceroute to  5.5.5.5(5.5.5.5), max hops: 30 ,packet length: 40,press CTRL_C to break
 1  *  *  *
 2  *  *  *
 3  *  *  *
 4  *  *  *
 5  *  *  *
 6  *  *  *
 7  *  *  *
 8  *  *  *
 9

OSPF协议：

[R3-GigabitEthernet4/0/0]dis th
[V200R003C00]
#
interface GigabitEthernet4/0/0
 shutdown
 ip address 10.1.35.3 255.255.255.0
#
return

​[R1]tracert -a 1.1.1.1 5.5.5.5
 traceroute to  5.5.5.5(5.5.5.5), max hops: 30 ,packet length: 40,press CTRL_C to break
 1 10.1.14.4 20 ms  10 ms 10.1.12.2 10 ms
 2 10.1.25.5 30 ms 10.1.45.5 20 ms  30 ms

维护成本​

  • 静态路由：新增链路需在所有相关设备上更新配置

  • OSPF：新增链路只需在直连设备上添加network语句

通过display ip routing-table对比可直观看出：OSPF的路由条目更简洁，且自动包含最优路径选择（通过Cost值体现），而静态路由需要人工维护所有可能路径。